Blockchain-driven sustainable business model for artisanal and small-scale mining operators in Zambia

This study investigates blockchain adoption barriers among artisanal and small-scale mining operators in Zambia's Ndola Rural Emerald Restricted Area (NRERA) and proposes a Blockchain-enabled Sustainable Business Model (BSBM) to enhance sustainability and profitability. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, quantitative surveys (n = 11) and qualitative interviews (n = 9) highlight that 72.7 % of ASM operators have basic education, 81.8 % rely on predatory informal loans, and 90.9 % face infrastructural deficits like unreliable electricity and poor internet. None have adopted blockchain technology due to financial, structural, and technological barriers. Exploitative intermediaries capture most mineral value, perpetuating low investment cycles and limiting technological progress. The BSBM addresses these challenges by leveraging mining associations to automate compliance via smart contracts, establishing traceability for premium pricing, and offering tiered financing alongside mobile blockchain interfaces to overcome literacy and connectivity issues. Early implementations suggest transaction cost reductions of 30–50 % and premium markets adding 15–30 % margins. This study underscores the need for integrated interventions that combine financial inclusion, policy collaboration, and tailored technology to enable sustainable ASM sector development. These findings provide actionable policy insights and contribute to the emerging discourse on the role of blockchain in resource-constrained mining contexts.