Blockchain-based fan tokens as a strategic resource for sports clubs: Opportunities, challenges, and a stakeholder-oriented model
Abstract
This article explores blockchain-based fan tokens, a type of cryptocurrency, as a strategic tool for sports clubs to raise funds and involve supporters more directly, offering new avenues for decision-making participation and exclusive fan activities. Drawing on expert interviews in professional football, we identify a spectrum of opportunities, such as revenue growth, global engagement, and enhanced supporter loyalty, alongside significant challenges, including regulatory uncertainty, environmental considerations, and the integration with existing governance structures. In response to these insights, the study proposes a stakeholder-oriented model linking observed advantages and drawbacks with decision-making criteria shaped by stakeholder attributes. The model helps clubs balance diverse interests and potential outcomes when determining whether and how to implement fan tokens. Through this approach, this study provides clubs and associated stakeholders a tool to assess strategic options, accommodate various perspectives, and inform further innovation in digital sports management.
Identifier Metadata
| Identifier | 110.0270/INT.2026.00244 |
| Canonical | mdoi:110.0270/INT.2026.00244 |
| Resolver URL | https://mdoi.org/110.0270/INT.2026.00244 |
| Resource URL | Open resource |
| Document URL | Open document |
| Content Type | Article |
| Authors | Lennart Ante, Lorenz Henninger, Sebastian Björn Bauers, Benjamin Schellinger |
| Year | 2025 |
| Depositor | International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Researchs Organisation |
| Prefix | 110.0270 |
| Registered | June 22, 2026 |
| Updated | June 22, 2026 |
| Status | Active |
| Visibility | Public |
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