MDOI › International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Researchs › 110.0188/INT.2026.00163
110.0188/INT.2026.00163
Article

Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Case-Based Narrative Review

Cardiology, Nephrology, Prevention 2025 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Researchs
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Abstract

These 4 hypothetical cases highlight new features of the American Heart Association cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health construct. The cases incorporate the CKM staging system, estimates from the PREVENT risk calculator, and clinical approaches related to CKM stages and individual risk profiles. Topics include management considerations for (1) a patient with stage 1 obesity and impaired glucose tolerance, (2) a patient with metabolic risk factors and moderate-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD), (3) a patient with subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and multiple comorbid conditions, and (4) a patient with metabolic risk factors, prior myocardial infarction, new-onset heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and CKD.

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Identifier 110.0188/INT.2026.00163
Canonical mdoi:110.0188/INT.2026.00163
Resolver URL https://mdoi.org/110.0188/INT.2026.00163
Resource URL Open resource
Document URL Open document
Content Type Article
Authors Cardiology, Nephrology, Prevention
Year 2025
Depositor International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Researchs Organisation
Prefix 110.0188
Registered June 17, 2026
Updated June 17, 2026
Status Active
Visibility Public

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