Land Transaction Documentation Systems and Their Effectiveness in Reducing Land Disputes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana and Comparable Jurisdictions

Land transaction documentation systems are widely regarded as essential tools for improving land governance, enhancing tenure security, and reducing land disputes in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, despite ongoing reforms, land disputes remain prevalent, particularly in countries characterized by dual land tenure systems. This study examines the effectiveness of land transaction documentation systems in reducing land disputes, with a focus on Ghana and comparable jurisdictions. The study adopts a systematic review methodology to synthesize empirical and theoretical literature published between 2021 and 2026. Findings reveal that documentation systems such as land registration, customary land records, and digital land information systems contribute positively to tenure security by improving clarity and transparency in land ownership. In Ghana, initiatives such as Customary Land Secretariats and digital land administration systems have enhanced record-keeping and access to land information. However, their effectiveness is constrained by challenges including institutional fragmentation, legal pluralism, weak enforcement mechanisms, and the coexistence of manual and digital systems. Comparative evidence from other African countries shows that integrated and flexible approaches, such as fit-for-purpose land administration and land certification programs, are more effective in reducing disputes when supported by strong governance frameworks. The study concludes that while land documentation systems are critical for dispute prevention, their success depends on broader institutional and governance reforms. The study recommends the integration of customary and statutory systems, full digitalization of land records, and strengthened institutional capacity as key strategies for improving land governance and reducing disputes.