Resource Allocation Challenges in The Implementation of The Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana

The implementation of the Free Senior High School (Free SHS) policy in Ghana in 2017 marked a significant milestone in the country's quest for equitable access to secondary education. While the policy has expanded enrollment and reduced financial barriers for many students, it has also exposed systemic challenges in resource allocation. This review critically synthesizes empirical and policy-based studies published between 2017 and 2024 to examine the financial, infrastructural, human resource, administrative, and governance-related constraints undermining the effective execution of the policy. A systematic narrative review approach was employed, drawing from 43 peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and government policy documents on the Free SHS policy. The findings reveal that the Free SHS policy’s reliance on petroleum revenues as a sole funding source has resulted in fiscal instability and the diversion of resources from other educational sectors. Moreover, inadequate infrastructure and staffing have led to overcrowded classrooms and overstretched teaching personnel, with the double-track system offering only temporary relief. Administrative inefficiencies, including delayed disbursement of funds and weak data systems, further exacerbate these challenges. The review also underscores limited stakeholder involvement and the underutilization of decentralized planning frameworks. In light of these findings, the study recommends diversified funding models, strategic infrastructure development, enhanced teacher recruitment, and inclusive governance mechanisms. The paper contributes to the growing body of literature on public education reform in sub-Saharan Africa by offering an integrated framework for addressing resource allocation inefficiencies in large-scale education initiatives.